Nursing students' knowledge regarding sexuality, sex, and gender diversity in a multicenter study.

Introduction: Sexuality is an integral part of development and personality, and is important in healthcare. Nurses are among the most representative healthcare professionals. For holistic and inclusive nursing care practice and to improve equality, human rights, well-being, and health of individuals, the curricula of nursing courses must integrate broad knowledge about sexuality and its diversity. This study aimed to identify and analyze nursing students' knowledge of sexuality, sex, and gender diversity. The present study was part of a multicenter study conducted in Europe. Methods: Questionnaires were administered in three nursing schools to assess nursing students' knowledge (n = 75). Data processing was performed using Excel® software version 20 and IRaMuTeQ (R Interface pour les Analysis Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires) 0.7 alpha 2, allowing organization by category and subsequent thematic analysis using content analysis. Results: The textual corpus "Nursing students' knowledge about sexuality in its diversity," was divided into two sub-corpus: "Students' perception of sexuality" and "Students' perception of gender identity," originating Class 6 "Eroticism" (14.23%) and Classes 4 "Sexual Orientation" (16.07%) and 3 "Heteronormative" (16.07%), the latter with greater proximity to each other and consequently to Class 6. Similarly, Classes 1 "Gender" (20.36%) and 5 "Cisgender" (12.14%) also presented a greater interrelationship between themselves and consecutively with Class 2 "Gender Identity" (15.36%). Discussion: The analyses revealed that though nursing students possessed knowledge about sexuality and its diversity, this knowledge was elementary and did not reveal a sustained appropriation of concepts related to sexuality, sexual orientation, and gender diversity. For some questions, the absence of students' answers were noteworthy, and may be associated with their personal reservation in expressing themselves on this sensitive and intimate theme. To ensure diversity, inclusivity, and impartiality in nursing practice, it is imperative to change the curriculum plans of nursing courses to address the theme of sexuality during the training process of nurses in Europe.

The Art of Childbirth of the Midwives of Al-Andalus: Social Assessment and Legal Implication of Health Assistance in the Cultural Diversity of the 10th-14th Centuries.

(1) Background: The role of Al-Andalus's women were the result of Arabization and Islamization in Spain. The 10th to the 14th centuries were a time of significant cultural diversity in the region. Female physicians and midwives were important for providing care to women. Despite existing studies, there is still a lack of focused research on the professionalization of these trades, including their requirements, intervention areas, and treatments. (2) Methods: To address this gap, we conducted a scoping review using the dialectical structural model of care (DSMC). Primary medical and legislative sources were used. (3) Results: two kinds of midwife, or qabila, were discovered, along with a woman physician, or tabiba, who also acted as a midwife. These professions underwent diverse training and fulfilled duties as obstetricians and pediatricians. Midwives were esteemed members of society and were the sole female professionals who needed qualified training. Their performance in the courts was exemplary. Tools for facilitating childbirth and interventions related to female health were discovered in the study. (4) Conclusions: The patriarchal societies suffer from significant inequality in terms of academic training, knowledge transmission, and healthcare provision. Midwives functioned in segregated domestic and legal spaces and were responsible for providing public care to communities from the 10th to 14th centuries.

Gender diversity and syphilis: something's going on?

Introduction: This study aims to analyze the influence of syphilis among people with sexual and gender diversity, different from the binary dimension. Materials and methods: A systematic review was conducted as a method to address the objective of the study, based on the Dialectical Structural Model of Care (DSM), to obtain the phenomenon from the perspective of cultural history. Results: In this review the analysis of 129 documents, of which 22 texts were used. The construction of sex and gender in Western civilization is based on the Judeo-Christian tradition, which permitted many people throughout history to be persecuted and mistreated for living a lifestyle different from that dictated by religious and traditional canons. Therefore, throughout history, gender-diverse people, sexual minorities, and prostitutes have suffered segregation, mockery, aggression, and health problems, including syphilis. Conclusions: Despite having a treatment and cure, syphilis has stood the test of time and has remained a secret pathology that is obscure and difficult to detect disease, which is still very much present in people of all social classes. It is necessary to review history to understand the reasons why syphilis is still prevalent in different societies today.

Child Maltreatment: Skills and Perceptions as Competencies in Higher Nursing Education.

Child maltreatment is any action, neglect or aggression towards a child caused by parents, family members or others. The objective of this study is to find out the beliefs and attitudes regarding abuse among nursing students. METHODS: This was an exploratory study with the aim of validating the questionnaire, made up of four dimensions. This questionnaire was administered during the 2020/2021 academic year to 370 undergraduate nursing students (first and third year), in Toledo, Talavera de la Reina and Albacete of the University of Castilla-La Mancha, in addition to resident nurses, master's students and doctoral students during the first four-month period (September, October, November and December). A statistical analysis was carried out observing internal consistency for Cronbach's alpha. RESULTS: In total, 61.6% of the students concluded that the child was not responsible for maltreatment, and 41.6% thought that it was independent of gender. Furthermore, 65.7% stated that it is human nature for parents to care for their children, 74.1% considered maltreatment to be a crime in the family, and 15.4% said that it does not exist in higher social classes. A total of 23.2% said that those in nursing professions should not intervene in child abuse. With regard to Münchausen syndrome, there was less agreement among the participants, being unknown to the great majority of the students. CONCLUSIONS: Among the participants, a lack of knowledge about child abuse was observed, as well as the role of nursing in its detection. Subsequently, given the importance of nursing and its professionals in the detection and management of child abuse, it is necessary to implement knowledge and skills in undergraduate training.

"Nurses and health professionals facing female genital mutilation: a qualitative study ".

BACKGROUND: Transnational migratory movements make Spain a country with a very diverse population, including women and girls from countries where Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is practiced. Given this reality, we set out to carry out a qualitative study to identify the knowledge, attitudes and skills of health professionals regarding FGM. METHOD: Qualitative study with a content analysis approach. Forty-seven health professionals with the profiles of Nursing, Family Medicine, Pediatrics, Midwifery and Gynecology and Obstetrics were purposively selected. Data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews and focus groups. The qualitative content analysis approach was used for data analysis. The study was conducted in the years 2019 and 2022. RESULTS: Although most professionals are aware of the current legislation on FGM in Spain, only a few of them are aware of the existence of the FGM prevention protocol in Castilla-La Mancha. This lack of knowledge together with the perception that FGM belongs to the private sphere of women, contributes to the loss of opportunities to identify and prevent FGM. CONCLUSION: Health professionals' training, especially midwives and pediatricians, is essential to the identification and action against Female Genital Mutilation.

A Multicentric Pilot Study of Student Nurse Attitudes and Beliefs toward Sexual Healthcare.

Nurse educators are tasked with the education of students to become providers of holistic care, and part of that care includes sexuality. Students carry attitudes and beliefs that influence their behavior; therefore, students who carry negative attitudes about sexual healthcare are less likely to provide that care. This is an international, multicenter study of nursing students' attitudes and beliefs about the provision of sexual healthcare. The Sexuality Attitudes and Beliefs Survey, which measures attitudes toward the provision of sexual healthcare and has a range of scores from 12 to 72, was given to 129 students across Spain, Portugal, Italy and the United States and revealed negative attitudes about sexuality, with a mean SABS score of 39.95. Higher scores on the SABS reveal more negative attitudes and reduced likelihood of provision of sexual healthcare. Statistically significant differences were found when comparing queer and heterosexual students (41.69 vs. 38.06), and students in their final year of school held more negative attitudes toward the provision of sexual healthcare (41.4 vs. 39.5 and 39.2). This study shows that nurse educators continue to need to focus on the attitudes student nurses carry about sexuality. There is a critical shortage of education strategies to meet the needs of student nurses so that they will be comfortable and confident in providing sexual healthcare.

Educating to sexuality care: the nurse educator's experience in a multicenter study.

Background: Sexuality is an issue inherent in the lives of all human beings. Education for Sexuality takes place informally, through relationships with the environment, with the family as a model, and formally, as a pedagogical practice in Teaching. Education for sexuality is recognized as an instrument of social transformation that leads to changes in behaviors and norms related to sexuality. Objectives: Knowing the perception of nursing professors about sexuality education in professional training, recognizing attitudes of these professors in relation to sexual education and identifying barriers in education for sexuality. Methods: Exploratory and descriptive study, using qualitative methodology. Data collection was carried out from semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis. Results: The interviewees consider sexuality education to be very important, being taught in the nursing course, addressing different themes. In general, they reported feeling comfortable teaching these topics. The identified barriers to the level of education students are in, students' knowledge and reactions to the topic, religious and cultural issues, and the time available to talk about the topic and professional aspects. Conclusion: Sexuality is a fundamental theme in nursing education and needs to be further explored to overcome the barriers associated with its approach.

Women health providers: materials on cures, remedies and sexuality in inquisitorial processes (15th-18th century).

Background: The first inquisitorial trials were against Muslims and Jews. Later, they focused on women, especially caregivers. Progressively, they were linked to witchcraft and sorcery because of their great care, generational and empirical knowledge. The historiography of health in the 15th-18th centuries still has important bibliographical and interpretative gaps in the care provided by women. Objective: To analyse the care provided by healers as health providers, accused by the Inquisition, justifying the importance of nursing in the diversity of community care in the 15th-18th centuries. Method: A scoping review was conducted following the Dialectical Structural Model of Care (DSMC). A database search was conducted for the period 2013-2022. Bibliographic and legislative resources were used. Cases and convictions from Castilla la Nueva were found in the National Historical Archive and the Diocesan Archive of Cuenca. Results: The concepts of healer, witch and sorceress envolved during the study period. They reflect and reveal the collective imaginary of the social structure. They had healing laboratories, practised psychological and sexual care. They used to accompany their therapeutic action with prayers and amulets. They shared their professional activity with their main denouncers, doctors, apothecaries and priests. They were usually women in socially vulnerable situations, who did not conform to social stereotypes. Conclusions: They were predecessors of today's nursing, they overcame socio-cultural difficulties, although they were condemned for it. Healers did not manage to regulate their profession, but they acted as agents of health in a society that demanded them while participating in the "witch-hunt".

Salus Platform: A Digital Health Solution Tool for Managing Syphilis Cases in Brazil-A Comparative Analysis.

(1) Introduction: Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that constitutes a serious public health problem in Brazil and worldwide; (2) Methods: This was a descriptive and exploratory study that sought to analyze and compare the characteristics of Brazilian health systems with a new platform (Salus) developed by the Laboratory of Technological Innovation in Health in the scope of notification and management of disease data, including syphilis. In addition, this analysis aimed to assess whether Salus fully meets the necessary data management fields and can be indicated as a tool to improve health management in the context of syphilis in Brazil. (3) Results: In this study, the Salus functionalities were demonstrated and compared with the current Brazilian systems by discovering the existing gaps in the evaluated systems. The gaps found may explain the delay in meeting demands, the difficulty of making routine therapeutic follow-ups, in addition to interference with the vital purpose of follow-up in the epidemiological surveillance of diseases. As a result, Salus demonstrates functionalities that surpass all others and meet case management demands in a superior way to the systems currently used in the country. (4) Conclusions: The Brazilian health information systems related to the response to syphilis do not fulfill the purpose for which they were developed. Instead, they contribute to the fragmentation of health data and information, delays in diagnosis, incomplete case management, and loss of data due to inconsistencies and inadequate reporting. In addition, they are systems without interconnection, which do not articulate epidemiological surveillance actions with primary health care. All these factors may be obscuring accurate data on syphilis in Brazil, resulting in high and unnecessary public spending and late care for users of the Unified Health System (SUS).

Changes in Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Probability of Developing Abdominal Obesity at One and Two Years.

Low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is associated with an increased risk of developing abdominal obesity (AO), but it is not known if and/or how changes in CRF affect AO. We examined the relationship between changes in CRF and the risk of developing AO. This is a retrospective observational study of a cohort of 1883 sedentary patients, who had participated in a clinical trial of physical activity promotion carried out in Spain (2003-2007). These data were not used in the clinical trial. At baseline, they were free of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and/or AO; with an indirect VO2max measurement; 19-80 years old; and 62% were women. All the measures were repeated at 6, 12, and 24 months. The exposure factor was the change in CRF at 6 or 12 months, categorized in these groups: unfit-unfit, unfit-fit, fit-unfit, and fit-fit. We considered fit and unfit participants as those with VO2max values in the high tertile, and in the moderate or low tertiles, respectively. The main outcome measure was the risk of developing AO at one and two years, as defined by waist circumference >102 (men) and >88 (women) cm. At two years, 10.5% of the participants had developed AO: 13.5% in the unfit-unfit group of change at 6 months; 10.3% in the unfit-fit group (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 0.86; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.49-1.52); 2.6% in the fit-unfit group (AOR 0.13; 95%CI 0.03-0.61); and 6.0% in the fit-fit group (AOR 0.47; 95%CI 0.26-0.84). Those who stayed fit at 6 months decreased the probability of developing abdominal obesity at two years.

Effect of Non-Pharmacological Methods in the Reduction of Neonatal Pain: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

In neonatology, neonates have traditionally been considered incapable of feeling pain, due to the immaturity of their nervous system. Currently, there is sufficient information on the perception of pain in neonates; however, this treatment at this crucial stage for development requires a better approach. For this reason, the aim of this study was to analyse the efficacy of non-pharmacological analgesia interventions during heel prick, and to assess their effects on heart rate (HR), premature infant pain profile (PIPP) and O2 saturation. A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed following the guidelines of the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA), and the Cochrane collaboration handbook. The databases PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL and Science Direct were searched until the end of January 2022. The DerSimonian and Laird methods were used to estimate the effect size with a 95% confidence interval (CI95%). Effect size estimates were 0.05 (95% CI: -0.19, 0.29) for HR, -0.02 (95% CI: -0.24, 0.21) for PIPP scale, and -0.12 (95% CI: -0.29, 0.05) for O2 saturation. The non-pharmacological interventions analysed (breastfeeding, kangaroo-mother care method, oral sucrose and non-nutritive sucking) were not statistically significant in reducing neonatal pain, but did influence the decrease in pain score and a faster stabilisation of vital signs.

Vulnerabilidad de la obesidad definida por el índice de masa corporal, perímetro abdominal y porcentaje de grasa corporal / Vulnerability of obesity as defined by body mass index, waist circumference, and body fat percentage

Objetivo: Averiguar en qué medida es posible dejar de tener obesidad (normalizar el índice de masa corporal [IMC], el perímetro abdominal [PA] y/o el porcentaje de grasa corporal [PGC]). Diseño: Estudio de observación longitudinal y retrospectiva. Emplazamiento: Once centros de salud españoles. Participantes: Hombres y mujeres con IMC≥30kg/m2 (n=1.246) u obesidad general (OG), con PA>102cm y >88cm, respectivamente (n=2.122) u obesidad abdominal (OA) y con PGC>25% y >35%, respectivamente (n=2.436) o exceso de grasa corporal (EGC), de la cohorte del Estudio PEPAF de 4.927 participantes de 20 a 80años de edad. Mediciones principales: Datos procedentes del Estudio PEPAF de la captación y de 6, 12 y 24meses: sexo, edad, diagnósticos de diabetes, hipertensión arterial y dislipemia, hábito tabáquico, niveles y cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de actividad física, consumo máximo de oxígeno, peso, talla, PA y tres pliegues grasos cutáneos (torácico, umbilical y muslo anterior para hombres y tríceps, suprailíaco y muslo anterior para mujeres). Resultados: De 2.054 participantes con cualquier tipo de obesidad en la captación y datos válidos a los 2años, 240 (11,6%) habían normalizado todos sus índices diagnósticos de obesidad en ese tiempo. El 19,5% (intervalo de confianza al 95% (IC95%): 17,6-21,4) habían dejado de tener EGC, el 12,0% (IC95%: 10,4-13,7) habían dejado de tener OA y el 10,5% (IC95%: 8,5-12,7) habían dejado de tener OG. Conclusiones: La obesidad se diferencia de las demás enfermedades crónicas en que es posible «curarse» de ella normalizando la cantidad de grasa corporal.(AU)

Aim: To ascertain to what extent it is possible to stop being obese (to normalize body mass index [BMI], waist circumference [WC] and/or body fat percentage [BFP]). Design: Longitudinal observational and retrospective study. Site: Eleven Spanish health centers. Participants: Men and women with BMI≥30kg/m2 (n=1246) or general obesity (GO), with WC>102cm and >88cm, respectively (n=2122) or abdominal obesity (AO) and with BFP>25% and >35%, respectively (n=2436) or excess body fat (EBF), from the PEPAF Study cohort of 4927 participants aged 20-80years. Main measurements: Data from the PEPAF study at baseline and at 6, 12 and 24months: gender, age, diagnoses of diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia, smoking, levels of and compliance with physical activity recommendations, maximum oxygen consumption, weigh, height, WC and three skin-folds (thoracic, umbilical and anterior thigh for men and triceps, suprailiac and anterior thigh for women). Results: Of 2054 participants with any type of obesity at baseline and valid data at 2years, 240 (11.6%) had normalized all of their obesity diagnostic indexes. 19.5% (95% confidence interval (95%CI: 17.6-21.4) ceased to have EBF, 12.0% (95%CI: 10.4-13.7) ceased to have AO and 10.5% (95%CI: 8.5-12.7) ceased to have GO. Conclusions: Obesity differs from other chronic diseases in that it can be «cured» by normalizing the amount of body fat.(AU)

[Vulnerability of obesity as defined by body mass index, waist circumference, and body fat percentage]. / Vulnerabilidad de la obesidad definida por el índice de masa corporal, perímetro abdominal y porcentaje de grasa corporal.

AIM: To ascertain to what extent it is possible to stop being obese (to normalize body mass index [BMI], waist circumference [WC] and/or body fat percentage [BFP]). DESIGN: Longitudinal observational and retrospective study. SITE: Eleven Spanish health centers. PARTICIPANTS: Men and women with BMI≥30kg/m2 (n=1246) or general obesity (GO), with WC>102cm and >88cm, respectively (n=2122) or abdominal obesity (AO) and with BFP>25% and >35%, respectively (n=2436) or excess body fat (EBF), from the PEPAF Study cohort of 4927 participants aged 20-80years. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Data from the PEPAF study at baseline and at 6, 12 and 24months: gender, age, diagnoses of diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia, smoking, levels of and compliance with physical activity recommendations, maximum oxygen consumption, weigh, height, WC and three skin-folds (thoracic, umbilical and anterior thigh for men and triceps, suprailiac and anterior thigh for women). RESULTS: Of 2054 participants with any type of obesity at baseline and valid data at 2years, 240 (11.6%) had normalized all of their obesity diagnostic indexes. 19.5% (95% confidence interval (95%CI: 17.6-21.4) ceased to have EBF, 12.0% (95%CI: 10.4-13.7) ceased to have AO and 10.5% (95%CI: 8.5-12.7) ceased to have GO. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity differs from other chronic diseases in that it can be «cured¼ by normalizing the amount of body fat.

Enfermera visitadora modelo vanguardista de cuidados de salud en España / Enfermeira de saúde pública modelo vanguardista de cuidados na Espanha / The public health nurse cutting-edge care model in Spain

Resumen Objetivo analizar la figura de la enfermera visitadora española en el periodo comprendido entre 1921 y 1953. Método estudio histórico-social, cualitativo, a partir de fuentes documentales primarias y secundarias. Se utilizó el Modelo Estrutural Dialético de Atención (MEDC), como soporte al proceso de gestión y análisis de datos. Resultados las enfermeras visitadoras españolas tenían el título de especialistas en salud pública, adquirido en Bedford College, en Inglaterra, o en la Fundación Rockefeller, en Estados Unidos. Actuaban en entornos rurales y urbanos, realizando su trabajo en Centros Primarios y Secundarios de Higiene Rural, lugares donde educaban a la población en las normas de higiene personal y salud pública. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica la enfermera visitadora española consiguió extender la educación sanitaria por todo el país, promover los hábitos higiénicos y nutricionales de la población en general, reducir la incidencia de las enfermedades infecto-contagiosas y promover las reformas sanitarias que se iniciaron a principios del siglo XX. En la actualidad, la figura de la enfermera visitadora puede ser considerada como precursora de la enfermera especialista en atención familiar y comunitaria.

Resumo Objetivo analisar a figura da enfermeira visitadora espanhola no período de 1921 a 1953. Método estudo histórico-social, qualitativo, a partir de fontes documentais primárias e secundárias. Utilizou-se o Modelo Estrutural Dialético de Atenção (MEDC) como suporte ao processo de gerenciamento e análise de dados. Resultados as enfermeiras visitadoras espanholas tinham o título de especialistas em saúde pública, adquirido no Bedford College, na Inglaterra, ou na Fundação Rockefeller, nos Estados Unidos. Atuavam em ambientes rurais e urbanos, realizando seu trabalho em Centros de Higiene Rural Primários e Secundários, locais onde educavam a população sobre as regras de higiene pessoal e de saúde pública. Conclusão e implicações para a prática a enfermeira visitadora espanhola conseguiu expandir a educação em saúde em todo o país, promover hábitos higiênicos e nutricionais para a população em geral, reduzir a incidência de doenças infectocontagiosas e promover reformas sanitárias iniciadas no início do século XX. Atualmente, a figura da enfermeira visitadora pode ser considerada como precursora da enfermeira especialista em cuidados familiares e comunitários.

Abstract Objective to analyze the figure of the Spanish visiting nurse from 1921 to 1953. Method This is a historical-social, qualitative study based on primary and secondary documentary sources. The Dialectical Structural Model of Care (DSSM) was used to support the data management and analysis process. Results Spanish visiting nurses had specialization in public health, acquired at Bedford College, in England, or at the Rockefeller Foundation, in the United States. They worked in rural and urban environments, performing their work in Primary and Secondary Centers of Rural Hygiene, where they educated the population about personal hygiene and public health rules. Conclusion and implications for practice Spanish nurse visitors were able to expand health education throughout the country, promote hygienic and nutritional habits for the general population, reduce the incidence of infectious-contagious diseases, and promote sanitary reforms that began at the beginning of the 20th century. Currently, the figure of the visiting nurse can be considered a forerunner of the specialist nurse in family and community care.

Conocimiento del VIH-SIDA en estudiantes que visitan el pabellón de la universidad en un evento popular en Évora-Portugal / Sensibilização para o VIH-SIDA entre estudantes que visitam o pavilhão universitário num evento popular em Évora-Portugal / HIV-AIDS knowledge among students visiting the university pavilion at a popular event in Évora-Portugal

El VIH infecta a más de 2,6 millones de personas/año, alcanzando en 2019 cerca 38,0 millones de infectados. La OMS reconoció la enfermedad como grave amenaza para la humanidad.Objetivo. Evaluar el nivel de conocimiento del VIH-SIDA y factores asociados en estudiantes durante eventos populares, Évora-Portugal.Métodos. Estudio cuantitativo transversal, muestra deconveniencia, 313 estudiantes que visitaron el pabellón institucional, sur Portugal. Recogieron datossociodemográficos, se aplicó el Cuestionario de Conocimientos sobre VIH (HIV-KQ-18). La pruebade Kuder-Richardson arrojó un coeficiente de 0.847. Análisis de datos SPSS versión 24.0. Resultados.El 56.9% fueron mujeres (16 y 30 años). Excepto en 5 ítems, en los que el porcentaje de respuestascorrectas superó al 50%, de sujetos que respondió incorrectamente sobre la transmisión del VIH. Laspruebas de Mann-Whitney y Kruskall-Walis, no detectaron diferencias en conocimientos de hombres/mujeres, grupos de edad y disponibilidad de preservativos. El análisis de conglomerados mostró dos perfiles: 1) mayor conocimiento universitarios, ser mujer, 19-21 años, consumo bajo o muyalto. 2) conocimiento bajo/muy bajo con factores asociados consumo moderado de alcohol, representado por varones (22-24 años). Conclusión. La realización de este tipo de encuestas permite quelos programas de educación aborden carencias concretas sobre el VIH/SIDA

O VIH infecta mais de 2,6 milhões de pessoas/ano, atingindo 38,0 milhões em 2019. A OMSreconheceu a doença como uma grande ameaça para a humanidade. Objectivo. Para avaliar o nívelde conhecimento do VIH-SIDA e factores associados nos estudantes durante eventos populares,Évora-Portugal. Métodos. Estudo transversal quantitativo, amostra de conveniência, 313 estudantesque visitaram o pavilhão institucional, Sul de Portugal. Foram recolhidos dados sociodemográficos,foi aplicado o Questionário de Conhecimento sobre VIH (HIV-KQ-18). O teste Kuder-Richardsonproduziu um coeficiente de 0,847. Análise de dados SPSS versão 24.0. Resultados. 56,9% eram dosexo feminino (16 e 30 anos). Excepto em 5 itens, em que a percentagem de respostas correctas excedeu 50%, os sujeitos responderam incorrectamente sobre a transmissão do VIH. Os testes MannWhitney e Kruskall-Walis não detectaram diferenças no conhecimento masculino/feminino, gruposetários e disponibilidade de preservativos. A análise de cluster mostrou dois perfis: 1) conhecimentouniversitário superior, sendo do sexo feminino, 19-21 anos de idade, uso baixo ou muito alto. 2)conhecimento baixo/muito baixo com factores associados consumo moderado de álcool, representado por homens (22-24 anos). Conclusão. A realização deste tipo de inquérito permite que os programas educativos abordem as lacunas específicas do VIH/SIDA.(AU)

HIV infects more than 2.6 million people/year, reaching 38.0 million by 2019.WHO recognized the disease as a major threat to humanity. Objective. To assess the level ofknowledge of HIV-AIDS and associated factors in students during popular events, Évora-Portugal.Methods. Quantitative cross-sectional study, convenience sample, 313 students who visited the institutional pavilion, South Portugal. Sociodemographic data were collected, the HIV Knowledge Questionnaire (HIV-KQ-18) was applied. The Kuder-Richardson test yielded a coefficient of 0.847.Data analysis SPSS version 24.0. Results. 56.9% were female (16 and 30 years). Except for 5 items,where the percentage of correct responses exceeded 50%, subjects answered incorrectly about HIVtransmission. Mann-Whitney and Kruskall-Walis tests detected no differences in male/femaleknowledge, age groups and condom availability. Cluster analysis showed two profiles: 1) higheruniversity knowledge, being female, 19-21 years old, low or very high use. 2) low/very lowknowledge with associated factors moderate alcohol consumption, represented by males (22-24years). Conclusion. Conducting this type of survey allows education programmes to address spe-cific HIV/AIDS gaps.(AU)

Enfermeiros em Portugal no tempo de Nightingale / Nurses in Portugal at Nightingale time / Enfermeros en Portugal en tiempos de Nightingale

Resumo Contexto: No século XIX assistimos à modernização hospitalar, à afirmação da ciência médica, e ao desenvolvimento exponencial da atividade dos enfermeiros. Objetivo: Contribuir para o conhecimento dos enfermeiros, em Portugal, no século de Nightingale. Metodologia: Histórica com análise e explicação de um passado acedido através do exame das suas marcas e da sua representação mental. Considerando não uma simples narrativa, mas uma descrição, tanto quanto possível explicativa. Resultados: Transformação ao longo de todo o século, da atividade dos enfermeiros, visível no espaço conquistado nas estruturas hospitalares, na criação do ensino, num movimento lento em direção à plena profissionalização. Conclusão: No século de Nightingale, um contínuo de profissionalização e disciplinar dos saberes, que está na origem da enfermagem como profissão e disciplina de conhecimento.

Abstract Context: In the 19th century, we witnessed hospital modernization, the affirmation of medical science, and the exponential development of nurses' activities. Objective: To know the activity of nurses in the Nightingale century. Methodology: Historical with analysis and explanation of a past accessed through the examination of its marks and mental representation. Considering not a simple narrative, but a description, as much as possible explanatory. Results: Transformation throughout the century, of the activity of nurses, visible in the space conquered in hospital structures, in the creation of teaching, in a slow movement towards full professionalization. Conclusion: In the Nightingale century, a continuation of professionalization and disciplinary knowledge, which is the origin of nursing as a profession and knowledge discipline.

Resumen Contexto: En el siglo XIX se asiste a la modernización hospitalaria, la afirmación de la ciencia médica y el desarrollo exponencial de la actividad enfermera. Objetivo: Conocer la actividad de las enfermeras en el siglo Nightingale. Metodología: Histórica con análisis y explicación de un pasado al que se accede mediante el examen de sus marcas y representación mental. No se considera una simple narración, sino una descripción lo más explicativa posible. Resultados: A lo largo del siglo se produjo una transformación de la actividad enfermera, visible en el espacio de las estructuras hospitalarias, la creación de la docencia y en un lento movimiento hacia la plena profesionalización. Conclusión: En el siglo de Nightingale, se inicia una continua profesionalización y disciplina de saberes, que es el origen de la enfermería como profesión y disciplina del conocimiento.

Un dilema actual: ¿El uso de sujeciones como técnica terapéutica garantiza la dignidad de la persona? / A current dilemma: Does the use of restraints as a therapeutic technique guarantee the dignity of the person?

Resumen Marco contextual: La sujeción como técnica terapéutica ha suscitado controversia a lo largo del tiempo. Actualmente, la contención se circunscribe a situaciones de emergencia que entrañen riesgo para la vida del paciente o para terceras personas. Objetivo: Conocer las técnicas terapéuticas de sujeción de la persona, revisar sus efectos secundarios y promover su buena praxis. Metodología: Revisión de la literatura relacionada con la contención de las personas. Análisis interpretativo de la información recopilada en documentos, artículos, libros y leyes, mediante la hermenéutica de Gadamer. Resultados: A través del tiempo se reflexiona sobre la contención de las personas por medio de la sujeción como medida terapéutica. Se indagan los aspectos éticos y se profundiza en su marco legislativo. Se analizan las implicaciones que dicha práctica puede comportar para el personal sanitario. Conclusión: Es necesario fomentar medidas terapéuticas de confort que mitiguen y limiten el uso de la sujeción de la persona con trastornos conductuales y/o necesidades especiales. Hecho que garantiza los derechos y la dignidad de la persona.

Abstract Background: Restraint as a therapeutic technique has been controversial over time. It is currently limited to emergency situations involving risk to the patient's life or third parties. Objective: To know therapeutic techniques for restraining the person, review their side effects, and promote good practice. Methodology: Literature review related to the containment of people. Interpretative analysis of information gathered from documents, articles, books, and laws, using Gadamer's hermeneutics. Results: We reflected on restraint use for containing patients as a therapeutic measure over time. We investigated the ethical aspects and examined the legislative framework in depth. The implications that this practice may have for health personnel were analyzed. Conclusion: It is necessary to promote comfort care measures that mitigate and limit the use of restraint in the person with behavioral disorders and/or special needs, thus guaranteeing their rights and dignity.

Resumo Enquadramento: A contenção como técnica terapêutica tem sido controversa ao longo do tempo. A contenção está atualmente limitada a situações de emergência que envolvem riscos para a vida do paciente ou para terceiros. Objetivo: Conhecer as técnicas terapêuticas para conter a pessoa, rever os seus efeitos secundários e promover boas práticas. Metodologia: Revisão bibliográfica, relacionada com a contenção de pessoas. Análise interpretativa da informação recolhida a partir de documentos, artigos, livros e leis, utilizando a hermenêutica de Gadamer. Resultados: Ao longo do tempo, é possível refletir sobre a contenção das pessoas por meio de contenção como medida terapêutica. Os aspetos éticos são investigados e o quadro legislativo é examinado em profundidade. As implicações que esta prática pode ter para o pessoal de saúde são analisadas. Conclusão: É necessário promover medidas de conforto terapêutico que atenuem e limitem o uso de restrições por parte da pessoa com perturbações comportamentais e/ou necessidades especiais. Isto garante os direitos e a dignidade da pessoa.

Enfermeiros em Portugal no tempo de Nightingale / Nurses in Portugal at Nightingale time / Enfermeros en Portugal en tiempos de Nightingale

Resumo Contexto: No século XIX assistimos à modernização hospitalar, à afirmação da ciência médica, e ao desenvolvimento exponencial da atividade dos enfermeiros. Objetivo: Contribuir para o conhecimento dos enfermeiros, em Portugal, no século de Nightingale. Metodologia: Histórica com análise e explicação de um passado acedido através do exame das suas marcas e da sua representação mental. Considerando não uma simples narrativa, mas uma descrição, tanto quanto possível explicativa. Resultados: Transformação ao longo de todo o século, da atividade dos enfermeiros, visível no espaço conquistado nas estruturas hospitalares, na criação do ensino, num movimento lento em direção à plena profissionalização. Conclusão: No século de Nightingale, um contínuo de profissionalização e disciplinar dos saberes, que está na origem da enfermagem como profissão e disciplina de conhecimento.

Abstract Context: In the 19th century, we witnessed hospital modernization, the affirmation of medical science, and the exponential development of nurses' activities. Objective: To know the activity of nurses in the Nightingale century. Methodology: Historical with analysis and explanation of a past accessed through the examination of its marks and mental representation. Considering not a simple narrative, but a description, as much as possible explanatory. Results: Transformation throughout the century, of the activity of nurses, visible in the space conquered in hospital structures, in the creation of teaching, in a slow movement towards full professionalization. Conclusion: In the Nightingale century, a continuation of professionalization and disciplinary knowledge, which is the origin of nursing as a profession and knowledge discipline.

Resumen Contexto: En el siglo XIX se asiste a la modernización hospitalaria, la afirmación de la ciencia médica y el desarrollo exponencial de la actividad enfermera. Objetivo: Conocer la actividad de las enfermeras en el siglo Nightingale. Metodología: Histórica con análisis y explicación de un pasado al que se accede mediante el examen de sus marcas y representación mental. No se considera una simple narración, sino una descripción lo más explicativa posible. Resultados: A lo largo del siglo se produjo una transformación de la actividad enfermera, visible en el espacio de las estructuras hospitalarias, la creación de la docencia y en un lento movimiento hacia la plena profesionalización. Conclusión: En el siglo de Nightingale, se inicia una continua profesionalización y disciplina de saberes, que es el origen de la enfermería como profesión y disciplina del conocimiento.

Un dilema actual: ¿El uso de sujeciones como técnica terapéutica garantiza la dignidad de la persona? / A current dilemma: Does the use of restraints as a therapeutic technique guarantee the dignity of the person?

Resumen Marco contextual: La sujeción como técnica terapéutica ha suscitado controversia a lo largo del tiempo. Actualmente, la contención se circunscribe a situaciones de emergencia que entrañen riesgo para la vida del paciente o para terceras personas. Objetivo: Conocer las técnicas terapéuticas de sujeción de la persona, revisar sus efectos secundarios y promover su buena praxis. Metodología: Revisión de la literatura relacionada con la contención de las personas. Análisis interpretativo de la información recopilada en documentos, artículos, libros y leyes, mediante la hermenéutica de Gadamer. Resultados: A través del tiempo se reflexiona sobre la contención de las personas por medio de la sujeción como medida terapéutica. Se indagan los aspectos éticos y se profundiza en su marco legislativo. Se analizan las implicaciones que dicha práctica puede comportar para el personal sanitario. Conclusión: Es necesario fomentar medidas terapéuticas de confort que mitiguen y limiten el uso de la sujeción de la persona con trastornos conductuales y/o necesidades especiales. Hecho que garantiza los derechos y la dignidad de la persona.

Abstract Background: Restraint as a therapeutic technique has been controversial over time. It is currently limited to emergency situations involving risk to the patient's life or third parties. Objective: To know therapeutic techniques for restraining the person, review their side effects, and promote good practice. Methodology: Literature review related to the containment of people. Interpretative analysis of information gathered from documents, articles, books, and laws, using Gadamer's hermeneutics. Results: We reflected on restraint use for containing patients as a therapeutic measure over time. We investigated the ethical aspects and examined the legislative framework in depth. The implications that this practice may have for health personnel were analyzed. Conclusion: It is necessary to promote comfort care measures that mitigate and limit the use of restraint in the person with behavioral disorders and/or special needs, thus guaranteeing their rights and dignity.

Resumo Enquadramento: A contenção como técnica terapêutica tem sido controversa ao longo do tempo. A contenção está atualmente limitada a situações de emergência que envolvem riscos para a vida do paciente ou para terceiros. Objetivo: Conhecer as técnicas terapêuticas para conter a pessoa, rever os seus efeitos secundários e promover boas práticas. Metodologia: Revisão bibliográfica, relacionada com a contenção de pessoas. Análise interpretativa da informação recolhida a partir de documentos, artigos, livros e leis, utilizando a hermenêutica de Gadamer. Resultados: Ao longo do tempo, é possível refletir sobre a contenção das pessoas por meio de contenção como medida terapêutica. Os aspetos éticos são investigados e o quadro legislativo é examinado em profundidade. As implicações que esta prática pode ter para o pessoal de saúde são analisadas. Conclusão: É necessário promover medidas de conforto terapêutico que atenuem e limitem o uso de restrições por parte da pessoa com perturbações comportamentais e/ou necessidades especiais. Isto garante os direitos e a dignidade da pessoa.

La figura de la nodriza y su implicación en el parentesco de leche para la cultura islámica: marco socio-cultural y jurídico / A figura da ama de leite e a sua implicação no parentesco leiteiro na cultura islâmica: um quadro sociocultural e jurídicoaber, Poder y Practica / The figure of the wet-nurse and its implication in milk kinship in Islamic culture: socio-cultural and legal framework

Introduction: Breastfeeding throughout time has regulated the way of establishing relationships, crossing social and religious boundaries. The legal-religious and medical regulation ofAndalusian breastfeeding is a subject that has been little explored, although it continues to this dayin Islamic societies. Objectives: 1) To determine the legal-religious repercussion of breastfeeding inthe 10th-15th centuries and its implications for Muslim society today; 2) To examine the differentfunctions of the Andalusian wet nurse; 3) To establish the social valuation of the wet nurse throughher professionalization. Methodology: Historical-narrative review. Databases and primary sourceswere consulted. Documentary selection followed inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: Frombirth, sacred texts regulate the rights of mother, father, wet nurse and newborn. Kinships are legislated that will regulate for life the wet-nurse and the infant; the kinship of milk is equated to that of consanguinity. The wet nurse also assumed the functions of upbringing and education. This figureplayed a decisive role in ensuring the survival of the infant, which is why it became an occupationwith great socio-health repercussions. Conclusion: There are practical variables of maternal and infant care that must be taken into account in order to provide culturally competent care. (AU)

Introducción: La lactancia materna a lo largo del tiempo ha reglado el modo de establecerrelaciones, traspasando fronteras sociales y religiosas. La regulación jurídico-religiosa y médica dela lactancia andalusí, es un tema poco explorado a pesar de que actualmente continua en las sociedades islámicas. Objetivos: 1) Determinar la repercusión jurídico-religiosa de la lactancia en los siglos X-XV y su implicación para la sociedad musulmana actual; 2) Examinar las diferentes funcionesde la nodriza andalusí; 3) Establecer la valoración social de la nodriza a través de su profesionalización. Metodología: Revisión histórica-narrativa. Se consultaron bases de datos y fuentes primarias.La selección documental siguió criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Resultados: Desde el nacimiento,los textos sagrados regulan los derechos de madre, padre, nodriza y recién nacido. Se legislan parentescos que regularán de por vida a nodriza y lactante; el parentesco de leche se equipara al deconsanguinidad. La nodriza asumió además funciones de crianza y educación. Tuvo un papel decisivo para asegurar la supervivencia del lactante, por lo que llegó a ser un oficio con gran repercusiónsocio-sanitaria. Conclusión: Existen variables prácticas del cuidado materno-infantil. Se han de teneren cuenta para cuidar desde un marco de competencia cultural integrador. (AU)

Introdução: A amamentação ao longo do tempo regulamentou a forma de estabelecer relações, atravessando fronteiras sociais e religiosas. A regulamentação jurídico-religiosa e médica daamamentação andaluza é um assunto pouco explorado, embora continue até hoje nas sociedadesislâmicas. Objetivos: 1) Determinar a repercussão legal-religiosa da amamentação nos séculos X-XVe as suas implicações para a sociedade muçulmana de hoje; 2) Examinar as diferentes funções daama de leite andaluza; 3) Estabelecer a valorização social da ama de leite através da sua profissionalização. Metodologia: Revisão histórico-narrativa. Foram consultadas bases de dados e fontes primárias. A seleção documental seguiu critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Resultados: Desde o nascimento, os textos sagrados regulam os direitos da mãe, do pai, da ama de leite e do recém-nascido.A legislação regula as amas de leite e a criança considerando-as parentes para toda a vida; o parentesco do leite é equiparado ao da consanguinidade. A ama de leite também assumiu as funções decriação e educação. Esta figura desempenhou um papel decisivo na garantia da sobrevivência dacriança, razão pela qual se tornou uma ocupação com grandes repercussões sócio-sanitárias. Conclusão: Existem variáveis práticas de cuidados maternais e infantis que devem ser tidas em conta afim de proporcionar cuidados culturalmente competentes. (AU)